Biotechnology, genetic factors and selection

Selection is the genetic factor that determines the primary sources of active ingredients, in particular cultivated plants and biotechnologies.

In the biotechnology field, selection is applied to isolate those cells which, when transferred to an in vivo culture, serve to improve biotechnological productivity in terms of production of active but also bio-transformative ingredients.

Selection can be considered as the most exploited genetic element in the pharmacognostic field, to improve the quality of drugs; it is an endogenous factor, but which is independent of what is the "operation of" man, which fundamentally also belongs to the "hybridization, and to a lesser extent polyploidy.
Some examples of genetic factors used by biotechnologies, intended as resources of active principles or bio-transformative elements, are selection and induced gene mutation; these are two biotechnological elements that are reflected, for example, in the production of an active ingredient of particular interest such as penicillin. We could also speak of hormonal molecules such as insulin, in this case of human derivation.How, however, to obtain these types of complex products, from organisms cultivated in vitro (organisms in general, not only plant cells, but also fungi and bacteria)? To determine the importance of genetic factors in biotechnologies, we can consider that these, as a source of active principles, use not only plant cells but also bacteria and cells of eukaryotic organisms.

Biotechnologies are nature transported to the laboratory, and represent the ability of man to manipulate this nature at will, as he did with GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms). A genetically modified organism is an organism that does not belong to nature, but rather to biotechnology.

The use of bacteria and microorganisms to obtain active ingredients represents a particularly useful biotechnological strategy to obtain them with a greater yield and in the shortest possible time (active ingredients that in nature belong to that organism, as in the case of a mold which is part of the type Penicillium for penicillin, or active principles that in nature do not belong to that microorganism, but which become so in the biotechnological field because a gene sequence is inserted in its DNA that codes for the production of the enzymes involved in the biogenesis of that active ingredient).

If a gene sequence linked to the production of a certain active ingredient is identified, that fragment of DNA can be taken and inserted, for example, into a bacterium, which has an ontogenetic cycle enormously faster than that of a eukaryotic organism. A bacterial culture, in fact, reaches its peak of growth within 6/8 hours; this means that in that time the organisms present inside the culture medium have consumed most of the nutritional elements and consolidated their biological cycle. , undergoing various cell divisions, thanks to a much faster metabolism than that of a plant cell (which reaches the stationary phase after several days, sometimes even 20/30 days).

Productivity, therefore, in terms of quality and quantity, is extremely favored by a microbial culture. The transition from theory to practice lies in the ability or inability of the operator to identify, or not, particular genomic sequences, and then transfer them to bacteria or other microorganisms. The problem, in particular, lies in the difficulty of encoding the genetic code of a plant source and transfer it to an organism with a much faster ontogenetic cycle. However, although this is characterized as the main or most important goal of certain biotech industries in the pharmaceutical sector, many companies have developed into "deepening and improving crops in vitro of bacteria, fungi or plant cells, in order to obtain the maximum productivity by exploiting genetic factors, first of all the selection. If a strain of Penicillium is cultivated in vitro with the aim of optimizing the production of penicillin, for example , the individuals who produce the most will be selected.

Other articles on "Biotechnology, genetic factors and selection"

1. Duboisia and the importance of the correct harvest time
2. Pharmacognosy
3. Influence of the high ground on the yield of some medicinal plants

Select plant Fir Acacia Acerola Sorrel Yarrow Yarrow Yarrow Aconito Adatoda Garlic Agnocasto Agrimonia Alchemilla Alkekengi Aloe Altea Witch Hazel Ammi or Visnaga Pineapple Andrographis Anemone Pulsatilla Angelica Anise Star Anise Japanese Star Anise Bitter Orange Bitter Areca Arnica Harpagophytum Arpagophyte Artemisia Asteragus Basil Asparagus Asparagus Peruvian Asparagus Asparagus Asparagus Hawthorn Boldo Borage Shepherd's Purse Boswellia Bucco Butea superba Cocoa Coffee Cajeput Calamus Calamus Marigold Camedrio Chamomile Roman Chamomile Camphor Cinnamon Ceylon Maidenhair Capuchin Artichoke Cardamom Cardiac Thistle Asian Thistle Carvi Cascara Cassia Catecu Catha Cabbage Celandine Chicory Centaurea Cinnamon Cypress Celandine Chives Cypress Coca Cola Colchico Combreto Condurango Comfrey Coriander Cranberry Barberry American Chrysanthemum Cumin Turmeric Damiana Digital Dioscorea Drosera Dulcamara Dunalilella Echinacea Eder a Ephedra Elenio Eleutherococcus Helichrysum Evening primrose Horsetail Alfalfa Erica Euphrasia Erisimo Escolzia Eucalyptus Farfara Farfaraccio Calabar bean Fenugreek Fennel Phytolacca Frangola Ash Fumaria Japanese Mushrooms Galega Ganoderma lucidum Garcinia Cambogia Mulberry Gentian Broom Ginkgo Ginkgo Guipana Guipana Gynestra Ginkgo Hibelia Gymnasium Hibiscus Guarulp St. John's Wort Horse Chestnut Ispaghul Hyssop Jaborandi Kava kava Konjac Laminaria Cherry Laurel Lavender Lemongrass Lespedeza Lovage Icelandic Lichen Lemon Flax Lippia Licorice Lobelia Hops Maca Marjoram Maize Mallow Manna Marrubio Marrubio d "water Matè Melaleuca Meliloto American Lemon balm Myrtle Myrama Walnut Nutmeg Walnut vomica Olive tree Meadowsweet Ononide Opuntia Oregano Orthosiphon Nettle Poppy Papaya Parietaria Feverfew Passiflora Chilli Perilla Periwinkle Phyllanthus Plantain Picrorhiza Pilosella Pino Pisci dia Podofillo Polygala Grapefruit Parsley Psyllium Pueraria mirifica Butcher's broom Pygeum Quassia Oak Rhubarb Ratania Rauwolfia currant Castor bean Rhodiola Rosehip Rosemary Rue Willow Sarsaparilla Sage Elderberry Sassafras Sedum Ergot Senna Serenoa Repens Soybean Solidago Tansy Taraxus Tamarind Tamarind Tamarind Tamarind Tamarindo Ursina Valerian Vanilla Mullein Verbena Veronica Viburnum Vinca Pansy Mistletoe Vine Withania Yohimbe Saffron Ginger Pumpkin Select disease Juvenile Acne Rosacea Tinnitus Tinnitus Aerophagia Tendon Affections Afonia Aphthae Algias Functional Halitosis Breastfeeding Allergy Anemia Anguish Anxiety Arteriosclerosis Asthrosis Asthrosis Arthritis Arthritis Men Sex Woman Blepharitis and Conjunctivitis Eye bags Bronchitis Gallstones Kidney stones Salivary stones Baldness Androgenetic Candida Fragile hair Caries Headache Cellulitis Motion sickness Cystitis C limaterio Cholecystopathy High cholesterol Ulcerative colitis Colonoscopy Contusions Hematoma Convalescence Couperose Depression Dermatitis Diaper dermatitis Diabetes Diarrhea Erectile dysfunction Dyslipidemia Dysmenorrhea Dyspepsia Disturbances of vision Hemorrhoids Epistaxis Herethism Heart disease Fever Fibromyalgia Gastro-intestinal disease Flatulence Hypertension Fibromyalgia Gastrointomnia Jaundice Laryngitis Renal lithiasis Toothache Sore throat Thinness Menopause Meteorism Mononucleosis Alzheimer's disease Crohn's disease Nausea Vomiting Obesity Dark circles Onychomycosis Osteoporosis Dry skin Periarthritis Piorea Low pressure Prostatitis Psoriasis Colds Breast fissures Anal fissures Gastro-nasal rhinitis Senescence Premenstrual Syndrome Sinusitis Quit smoking Overweight Fatty liver Constipation Stomatitis Stress Cough Triglycerides high Ulcer Burns Nails Brittle flashes Heat Warts Dizziness Properties herbal Tanning Abortive adaptogenic Aphrodisiac bittering analgesic anesthetic anorectics analgesic antacid anti-allergic anti-asthmatic Antibiotic catarrh Anticellulitiche anticonvulsant Antidiaforetiche antidiarrheal edematous anthelmintic antiemetic Antiemorroidarie antiphlogistic Antiidrotiche Antinevrotiche Antioxidants antipyretic antirheumatic antiscorbutic Antiseptic antispasmodic anti-uric Aperitive Flavoring Astringent Balsamic Bechiche Capillarotrope Cardiotonic Carminative Cathartic Caustics Healing Cholagogues Choleretic Dyes Decongestants Deodorants Purifying Diaphoretic Cleansers Disinfectants Detoxifiers Thirst quenching Diuretics Exciting Emetics Emmenagogues Emollients Hemostatic Energies Hepatoprotectors Expectorants Eupepticus Moisturisers Galactosensitizers lanti Hypertensive Hypnotic Hypoglycemic Hypotensive Irritants Laxatives Soothing Narcotic Nerves Nutrients Odontalgic Pectoral Purgative Revulsive Remineralizing Refreshing Rubefacient Scialagoghe Sedative Soporifugas Sneezing Stomachic Stomatics Narcotic Vascular Tightenitis