Biotechnology: factors that influence the production of active ingredients

There are certain secondary metabolic pathways that can be stimulated by the presence of LIGHT or DARK; here then, in addition to the medium and the method of culture, there are other factors that influence the production of secondary metabolites by cell culture.
Light can positively or negatively influence a given culture in vitro, similarly to what happens in nature; this, therefore, will be present or absent also in relation to the type of secondary metabolite to be produced.

Light can be considered a switch that allows us to turn specific metabolic pathways on or off. It must be evaluated not only in terms of presence or absence, but also in terms of intensity (quantity of light), quality (wavelengths) and photoperiod (hours of light and darkness over 24 hours).
Aeration, that is the relationship between oxygen and carbon dioxide, can stimulate or depress the production of active ingredients; therefore it is good to know whether keeping the cells in anoxia positively affects the ultimate goal of the biotechnologist.
The optimal temperature of an in vitro culture oscillates between 25 and 30 ° C; however, there are due exceptions.In any case, a thermal variation represents a stress capable of intervening in some way in the production of secondary metabolites.
In an in vitro culture the pH is often variable over time, because the cells anabolize and catabolize continuously; but a drastic variation of it can once again influence the production of active principles; therefore it must be constantly monitored with a chemostat.
The elicitation is a biotechnological term that indicates the stress-inducing stimulus determined on the crop in two ways: biotic or abiotic. The elicitation, ie the induction of a stress, abiotic corresponds to a physical stress, such as UV irradiation or "use of heavy metals, while the biotic elicitation corresponds to an in vitro stress, which mimics the aggression of phytopathogens to the plant in nature (being careful not to make the cell sick). Therefore, the production of secondary metabolites in response to the attack of the pathogen, the culture is subjected to autoclave sanitization to destroy unwanted microorganisms.
All these factors, together with the method of cultivation and the different composition of the culture medium, allow the crop itself to grow adequately and to produce its secondary metabolites. Each plant species cultivated in vitro requires the personalized optimization of all these factors; among these also the presence of hormones in the culture medium. The hormones most used in the biotechnological field are auxins, giberellins and cytokines; ethylene is not very common. used; abscisic acid is used to induce the generation of somatic embryos. The presence or absence of these hormone classes, their concentrations and their quantitative relationships, determine growth rather than the production of secondary metabolites or sometimes a certain degree of differentiation , of in vitro culture.The presence of hormonal classes is therefore essential to guide the cells towards the established goal.
Before embarking on a biotechnological project it is essential to know in depth all the metabolic pathways that cell culture can go against; also because these pathways are unidirectional and go from primary to secondary metabolism (never the other way around, which is why primary metabolites are precursors of secondary ones.)

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