Generality
Ozena is a form of chronic rhinitis characterized by the progressive atrophy of the nasal mucosa, which becomes thin and dysfunctional.
The pathological process typically involves the formation of crusts in the nasal cavities and the perception of a nauseating odor.
Over time, the pathological process leads to an "abnormal patency of the nostrils and can also involve the periosteum (fibrous membrane that surrounds the bone), with atrophy of the nasal skeleton (especially that of the turbinates).
If ozena is not adequately treated, relapsing and severe manifestations can make the patient's social life difficult and predispose to depression.
The causes of ozena are not yet fully known, but some factors have been identified that could play a role in determining the onset of the disorder. The various hypotheses include colonization by bacteria capable of damaging the mucosa and the predisposing anatomical conformation of the nasal cavities.
Ozena is diagnosed on the basis of a combination of suggestive symptoms and clinical examination of the nasal passages (rhinoscopy). Depending on the specific case, the symptoms can be managed with local antibiotic therapies, nasal washes and surgical corrections.
Causes and Classification
Ozena (or chronic atrophic rhinitis) can be classified into two forms: primary (or idiopathic) and secondary. These clinical syndromes have distinct presentations and affect different patient populations.
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