Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum, fam. Graminaceae) is a tropical herbaceous perennial, native to New Guinea, which requires strong sunlight and plenty of water.
Saccharum is the Latin name that includes many species (up to 37). The most important commercial cultivars are complex hybrids; some varieties reach 6 meters in height.
Typically the sugar contained in a ripe cane represents about 10% of its weight; however this value is very variable. Sugar cane production is around 100 tons per hectare; on average, the sucrose yield is therefore around 10 tons per hectare.
Sugar cane takes about 12 months to mature, but in some areas (Louisiana) 6 are enough, while in others it takes 24. It is harvested by cutting off the stem at the bottom, but leaving the root in place so that the plant can grow back . The harvest season coincides with the dry period and occurs before flowering.
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