it is an annual herbaceous plant, 20-50 cm tall with an erect posture and thin stem, fasciculated root; sessile leaves, bipennatosette, divided into thin laciniae.
Flower heads, gathered in corymbs, carried by a long peduncle.
The flower heads have a diameter of 10-17 mm and have an envelope consisting of 12-17 bracts and a hemispherical or conical receptacle, hairless and hollow inside (unlike Roman chamomile), which gives the internal disc a certain convexity The flower heads have yellow, tubular flowers, hermaphroditic in the center and white, ligulate, feminine flowers in the distal position.
Each tubular flower has a yellow corolla which terminally divides into 5 teeth, and has 5 syngenic stamens and an inferior ovary with a single basal ovule. The ligule of the white distal flowers divides into 3 terminal teeth.
Chamomile blooms from May to August. The fruit is a very small, sub-cylindrical achene, slightly curved and yellowish in color, with a convex dorsal face and a ventral face with 3-5 longitudinal ribs.
The seeds are without endosperm. Pappus absent.
It has a very characteristic, penetrating smell and a bitter taste.
. specific similar (wood sawdust).
Early sowing (July) gives better results than late and very early sowing (spring, this is not recommended because a "possible summer drought would negatively affect the survival of the young chamomile seedlings).
Density: the planting of 20-25 plants per m² is optimal.
Since the seed is small, it is not advisable to bury it after sowing (to avoid secondary dormancy and emergency difficulties), but also a too superficial distribution, which favors the loss of seeds by the wind.
Today for the chamomile the technique of sowing in rows spaced 30-35 cm apart is used; the advantages are the use of smaller quantities of seeds, have more uniform plants and finally, using special seeders equipped with small toothed rollers, make the contact of the "seed" with the ground more intimate, thus reducing the probability of movement by the wind.
Cultural Needs
Chamomile is not very demanding from a nutritional point of view: the ordinary technique does not require fertilization on soils with medium fertility. The potassium intake, in particular, appears to be harmful because it would reduce the essential oil content.
Chamomile is abundant in strong, dry and stony soils, but it adapts badly to acid soils on which it produces a poor essence. It tolerates saline soils and grows fairly well in the presence of high pH.
Adversity
They are not of great concern, even if chamomile is attacked by various parasites.
Mushrooms
- Alternaria spp. which attack the leaves;
- Downy mildew leptosperm which damages the whole aerial part;
- Fusarium spp. which attack the root system
Insects
- Lepidoptera;
- Cucullia chamomillae Schiffe;
- C. artemisiae Hufn. whose larvae damage the flower heads;
- Hemiptera, like Aphis fabae Scop., Brachicaudus helichrysi Kalt. And B.cardui, which cause damage to leaves and stems;
- Helicopter Nysius minor From. that attacks the flower heads;
- Autographia chryson Esqr.
- Stegibium paniceum L. which damages the preserved flower heads;
- Aphids that can be controlled with phosphoric esters or specific aphids.
Weeds
Various herbicides can be used both at sowing and post-emergency.
In some cases herbicide residues, in particular phenoxy derivatives, have been found on the herbal material, the use of which is therefore inadvisable.
- chamomile is made up of dried flower heads, containing an essential oil with alpha-bisabolol, chamazulene, farnesene, apigenin, flavones, coumarins. ) which are generally taken before going to bed due to the mildly sedative action attributed to the plant.
Chamomile in herbal medicine and phytotherapy
In this context, chamomile is used internally in the treatment of inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract associated with spasms. Externally, on the other hand, it is used to combat inflammatory conditions of the skin and mucous membranes (compresses).
For further information: Properties of the Common Chamomile in Herbal MedicineChamomile in Cosmetics
In cosmetics, chamomile is used for various skin treatments thanks to the calming and anti-inflammatory action - attributable to the mucilage content - which it manages to exert against the epidermis. Besides that, it is also used to lighten hair.
A handkerchief soaked in cold chamomile dabbed on the eyelids upon awakening is an excellent remedy to reduce swelling of dark circles.
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