Wheat protein

, whose Latin name is triticum, is a cereal (therefore a grass) widely spread, because it is adaptable to almost any climate and soil on the planet.

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Thanks to its very high productivity, it is also possible to obtain food products at medium and low cost but characterized by a considerable energy intake.

Wheat is mainly used in the production of flour, from which it is possible to obtain various types of bread and pasta.

Wheat flour is obtained by grinding and sifting (sieve) the grains, and based on the refining of the flour it is possible to produce: wholemeal flour (the richest in fiber), type 2, type 1, type 0 and type 00 flour ( the lowest in fiber).

, but being a cereal, its energy supply derives above all from the carbohydrate portion in complex form (starch). The lipid content is decidedly limited and, like fiber, inversely proportional to the degree of refinement; wheat is cholesterol-free and mainly contains unsaturated fats (therefore of good quality) but - assuming a contribution comparable to that of the food portions recommended in the national guidelines - it does not significantly affect the overall lipid balance.

Regarding the quantity and quality of the proteins contained in it, wheat is NOT one of the most appreciable food protein sources; however, remember that the dietary role of wheat in achieving the recommended ration of essential amino acids must be contextualized and evaluated in a subjective way.

Wheat also contains mainly non-soluble dietary fiber which is proportionally accompanied by the contribution of Niacin (vitamin PP) and magnesium (Mg); the higher the level of refining, the lower the quantity of micronutrients and dietary fiber of the flours.

soluble in water

Globulins soluble in neutral saline solutions

Gliadins soluble in diluted alcohol

Glutenins soluble in diluted acids

Albumin and globulins are water-soluble proteins, while gliadins and glutenins represent the insoluble portion in water and associated they form gluten.
Among the wheat proteins, gluten is the best known for:

• Its essentiality in baking
• The high potential of originating a very widespread food intolerance: celiac disease

To date, the diagnoses of celiac disease seem to be rapidly increasing, even if many of these concern less severe or almost asymptomatic forms; moreover, such a spread is undoubtedly contributing to the onset of many other atypical and probably psychogenic intolerances.

• Wheat proteins are defined as having low biological value (VB <55), and have a significant deficit of lysine. Hence the need to associate them with other protein sources, as they are insufficient to fill - on their own - the body's amino acid needs. This aspect assumes significant importance for those who follow a vegan diet, where the absence of animal proteins requires a careful combination of the various vegetable protein sources in order to fill the relative protein deficits
• Excellent content in glutamic acid and proline.

Protein source Protein supplement required (g) * Beef 1,0 Cow milk 1,6 Egg 2,6 Soy 6,2 * Amount of protein needed to compensate for one gram of wheat protein to cover the lysine needs of preschoolers, equivalent to 58 mg per gram of mixed raw protein

The water-soluble protein portion (albumins and globulins) constitutes 20-35% of the total, while the gliadins (about 20 types of monomeric proteins) represent a further 30-40% of the total and differ on the basis of mobility in: α and β (45-60% of total gliadins), α (30-45% of total gliadins) and β ‰ gliadins.

The glutenins represent 40-50% of the wheat protein complex and are divided according to the molecular weight; those with low molecular weight are about 60-80% of the total glutenins.

, the powdered wheat proteins are commercialized by leveraging the absence of lactose and cholesterol, the high intake of glutamine and the suitability for consumption by vegans.

Purely as an indication, we report the amino acid composition of various protein supplements, in order to obtain an immediate comparison between the wheat proteins and those of soy, whey and egg; note that the sum of the individual amino acids does not coincide perfectly with the total protein content (due to technical flaws that can be found in practically all manufacturers' sheets).

Amino acid profile

WHEAT PROTEIN* SOY PROTEIN * WHEY PROTEIN ^ WHEY PROTEIN ° EGG PROTEIN * g / 100 g g / 100 g g / 100 g g / 100 g g / 100 g Proteins 83,3 90 80 90,5 76

Aspartic acid

2,92 10,35 8,8 10,1 6,67

Glutamic acid

26,92 17,28 14,5 14,2 8,71

Alanine

2,21 3,87 4,0 4,6 3,79

Arginine

2,58 6,75 1,7 2,4 3,57

Cysteine

2,31 1,08 1,8 3,2 1,69

Phenylalanine

4,63 4,68 2,4 3,1 3,83

Glycine

3,37 3,69 3,4 1,5 2,30

Isoleucine

2,88 4,32 5,1 5,1 3,71

Histidine

1,66 2,43 1,4 1,6 1,48

Leucine

6,26 7,2 8,5 11,5 5,53

Lysine

1,425 5,67 7,7 9,0 4,47

Methionine

1,150 1,26 1,6 1,9 2,26

Proline

11,33 4,68 4,4 3,6 2,5

Serine

4,28 4,95 3,7 3,6 4,52

Tyrosine

2,62 3,42 2,1 3,4 2,55

Threonine

2,11 3,33 5,4 4,3 2,99

Tryptophan

1,6 0,99 1,1 1,9 0,80

Valina

3,092 4,32 4,7 4,5 4,17

* Isolate - ^ concentrated by microfiltration - ° ISOLATE by ultramicrofiltration

formed by gliadin and glutenin in the presence of WATER; these components are NOT present only in wheat, but also in other cereals. Among them the most common are: spelled, rye, kamut and barley.

Gluten is composed of 75-85% of proteins, 5-7% of lipids, 5-10% of starch and only 5-8% of water; gluten is activated ONLY in the presence of water, therefore it is possible to isolate it from the flour simply by hydrating it and subjecting it to multiple consecutive washes to gradually dilute the residual starch. A similar procedure can be useful for evaluating the "strength" of this protein (useful in breadmaking) or for the preparation of seitan, a dietary-vegetarian meat substitute. Gluten is also used as a thickening additive and industrially as a glue for the sizing of papers and fabrics. In culinary preparations, gluten provides above all ELASTICITY thanks to the typical NET structure (which retains carbon dioxide) and allows the dough to rise.