Introduction
The word stress has now fully entered the daily lexicon.
But what is stress really? a psycho-neuro-endocrine-immunological response to an external stimulus.
Dr Hans Selye, as early as 1967, distinguished between "good" or "eustress" stress, and "bad" or "distress" stress.
- L"eustress it is stress that stimulates us to find and enjoy successes and triumphs;
- The distress it is the stress that we avoid, fear or suffer when someone hits us or we find ourselves in aberrant situations.
In this regard, from the studies carried out, hostility, depression and anxiety appear to be the most deleterious emotions.
We all face challenges in our daily life; the skill consists in knowing how to manage our stress and not letting our "circuits become overloaded".
How many people today do gymnastics precisely because they feel "stressed" and want to have fun or better still "let off steam"? Almost all!
Stress and the Endocrine System
The distress it has devastating effects on our body.
Considering the psycho-emotional sphere, situations of "distress"chronic" can act as "irritating thorns" that constantly destabilize the adrenal glands in the first place.
The adrenal gland is a pyramidal formation with a yellowish color - given by fat - weighing about 7.5 g, placed on the posterior pole of each kidney, nested between the latter, the diaphragm and the main veins and arteries of the posterior wall of the abdominal-pelvic cavity.
Richly vascularized like all endocrine glands, they receive blood from the renal artery, from "phrenic artery lower and from "aorta artery. The venous return is ensured by the adrenal veins.
Functionally, each gland can be subdivided into an external zone or cortical and in an internal area o medullary, secreting different hormones but with a synergistic control of stress.
The hormones produced by the cortex are i corticosteroids, of vital importance.
The hormones produced by the bone marrow are i mineralocorticoids, they are also extremely important. Among them the most important functionally is the "aldosterone, which acts by reabsorbing sodium ions and water from the renal tubule, favoring the elimination of potassium ions in parallel with the urine.
Between the glomerular and reticular area there is the collated area, which covers about 78% of the cortical volume: the hormones produced in this area are i glucocorticoids, the most important of which is cortisol, followed in order of importance by corticosterone; the liver converts some of the circulating cortisol into cortisone.
All these hormones act by accelerating the synthesis processes of gluconeogenesis and of glycogenosynthesis, especially in the liver.
On a purely biochemical level, an excess of sugars, coffee, thyroid stimulants and lipotrophic substances can unbalance these glands.
Distress also causes other important imbalances:
the reactions of "Fight or Flyght" - fight or flight - localized in the limbic or reptilian brain that affect our daily life, cause a "bombardment" of impulses from the Y motor neurons through the Pyramidal System, generating an overtone of the lower extensor muscles and muscles upper flexors.
In practice, our body stiffens, losing its elasticity and osteo-arthro-myofascial mobility. Our posture adapts to a situation of aphysiological stress that is no longer bearable. This can of course also lead to joint or myofascial disorders.
Furthermore, distress causes other important hormonal changes and above all heavy changes in our body composition, as we will see later.
In physiology, the adrenal glands, stimulated by the anterior iysis, are the first to be affected, generating imbalances in the genesis of glucocorticoids but above all a hypercortisolemia with the possible consequences that are:
- increased protein breakdown;
- increased elimination of leucine absorption in protein synthesis;
- increase in the amino acid cycle, which leads to greater synthesis and protein breakdown;
- increase in body fat levels through the stimulation of LPL LipoProteinLipase;
- increase in the production of Somatostatin, which blocks the release of GH from the anterior iysis and therefore leads to muscle catabolism and lipogenesis;
- suppression of testicular steroidogenesis in man by inhibiting the production of LH - Luteinizing hormone - stimulated by anterior iysis
- deviation of the utilization of glucose from the muscles to the brain, therefore possible muscular asthenia;
- increases the action of the adrenal medulla with the activation of the SNS by stimulating the production of the two catecholamines Adrenaline and Noradrenaline, and by generating relative hypertension, lipolysis, peripheral resistance and inhibition of insulin release, hepatic gluconeogenesis and increased consumption of O2, therefore of metabolism basal; in the long run it leads to a "paradoxical" hypoadrenia.
The A.C.S.M. (American College of Sports Medicine), over the years, has carried out several studies regarding the influence that distress it exerts on the human organism and regarding the positive effect of physical exercise in counteracting and reducing it.
Effects of chronic distress exposure according to A.C.S.M.
- increased atherosclerosis
- increased carotid atherosclerosis
- vasospasm
- myocardial ischemia
- occlusion of the coronary arteries
- increased ventricular arrhythmia
- ++ dyspnoea ↔ COPD / CRPD
- increase in immunoglobulins → ++ arthritis
- increased LDL and VLDL cholesterol
- decrease in HDL cholesterol
- increase in systolic pressure
- greater pancreatic adrenergic sensitivity in type 2 diabetic
- immunosuppression
- increased release and synthesis of adrenaline
- decrease in lymphocyte proliferation
- decrease in the activity of Natural Killer → tumors
- increase in the level of circulating catecholamines
- alterations of the autonomic nervous system
- hypothalamic overstimulation.
Effectiveness of physical exercise in reducing stress according to A.C.S.M.
- greater control of the monoamine central system
- correct regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
- increase in the levels of β-endorphins and β-enkephalins
- attenuation of the cardiovascular response to stressful events
- decrease in the β-adrenergic response in the myocardium in front of physical activity or behavioral discomfort
- acute prophylactic effect in reducing blood pressure in the face of stressful events
- greater use of energy substrates → better insulin response in diabetes 2
- greater tissue elasticity
- HDL increase
- LDL and VLDL decrease.
In summary, regular physical activity can effectively reduce the deleterious effects of distress on our body.
One more reason to do our job better.
